Electrical

Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process in which two lighter nuclei are combined to be fused together to from a heavier and stable nucleus. The mass of the product nucleus formed is less than the sum of the masses of the nuclei fused. The mass difference or the mass defect is converted into energy … Read more

Nuclear Binding Energy There exists a difference in the theoretically calculated mass of nuclei (i.e. sum of masses of protons and neutrons) and the actual mass of the atomic nucleus. This difference in mass is called the mass defect (△m). This mass defect is found by adding up the masses of all the individual particles … Read more

Chemical and Nuclear Reactions In a chemical reaction each atom participates as a whole and it involves the combination or separation of whole atoms in exothermic and endothermic reactions respectively. Consider the chemical reaction of carbon with oxygen which can be written as : C+O2→CO2+ heat energy released. The heat energy released is about 4 … Read more

Structure of Atom The atom of an element is the smallest particle which can exist. The structure of an element decides the chemical properties of the element. An atom consists of nucleus at the centre and the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus. The nucleus of the atom consists of protons and neutrons which … Read more

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plants Q. What are the advantages of nuclear power plants? Q. What are 4 advantages of nuclear power? Q. Advantages and Challenges of Nuclear Energy Q. Nuclear energy pros and cons Following are the advantages of nuclear plants : It reduces the demand on depleting resources of energy and … Read more

Nuclear Power Plants Availability of power developed by hydro-electric power plants is tremendously affected by the vagaries of monsoon rain from year to year. In a year when monsoon fails, power cuts become inevitable in case of hydel power is connected to power grids. On the other hand, steam, diesel and gas turbine power plants … Read more

Hydroelectric Power Development in India India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world. It was producing 114TWh of energy in the year 2008 which is about 3.5% of the world’s total hydroelectric power. Present installed capacity of hydroelectric power is 37367.4 MW as on 30 June 2011 which is about 21.5% of … Read more

Relationship Between Power and Various Efficiencies Refer figure shows the input power to runner and output power, Po from generator, Let H, Q = Discharge, (m3/s)              ρ = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 Input Power Pi = ρ.g.Q.H/1000 (kW) Mechanical Efficiency, ηm ηm = Shaft power available from runner, Ps/ Input power, Pi Generator efficiency, … Read more

Classification and Selection of Hydraulic Turbine Basically the turbines are classified as impulse and reaction turbines as discussed earlier. However, their further classification and selection is based on several ground data including the availability of head, discharge, specific speed etc as follows : 1) According to Head and Quantity of Water Available : Table A … Read more

Performance of Water Turbines Water turbines are designed to work under given head, discharge and output at certain speed. However, the turbine may be needed to work under such operating conditions which are different than designed values. Therefore, the performance testing of turbines becomes very essential to evaluate its characteristics. Also, it is essential to … Read more